GAFAM:
Open Standards: (in progress)
Rely on open standards (W3C, ISO, ETSI, etc.) in areas such as digital identity, digital wallets, education, or health data. This reduces dependency on proprietary protocols and APIs controlled by big tech.
Open Source:
Invest in open-source projects that can serve as alternatives to big tech services.
Antitrust regulation:
Limit monopolistic acquisitions or abuse of dominant market positions. The EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) is a strong example.
Data Protection Laws: (in progress)
Apply strong data protection frameworks (like GDPR) to restrict the uncontrolled use of personal data by large companies.
Mandatory Interoperability:
Legally require large platforms to interoperate with competitors (e.g., WhatsApp being forced to work with other messaging apps under the DMA).
Government Support:
Governments can provide funding and legal support to SMEs and startups in strategic areas such as AI, digital identity, and sovereign cloud.
Local and Regional Innovation: (in progress)
Build services tailored to local needs (for example, digital identity or wallets adapted to European banking/education regulations).
International Consortia: (in progress)
Form alliances across countries, universities, or companies to build joint ecosystems (e.g., DC4EU in the field of digital educational identity).